The Use of Real Estate for the Settlement of Claims in Roman Palestine

The Mishna in Tractate Gittin discusses land qualities, in a context where land is used to settle monetary obligations. The law is that land of different qualities must be used to pay claimants in different situations; in particular, claimants pursuant to a tort case have the right to have their claim paid with land of the best quality. Creditors have the right to be paid with land of medium quality, while women who are owed money as part of a ketuba (marriage contract) claim may have to be satisfied with land of the lowest quality. However, the total value of the land received by each claimant is just the amount they are owed it is independent of the quality of the land that is used to pay them. This being the case, the purpose of the legislation is unclear. In this paper, I explore the possibility that the law is designed to minimize the total amount of transactions costs.Land markets, Law, religion and economics, Market microstructure, mishna, sasanian babylonia, Talmud

An experimental documentation of a separated trailing-edge flow at a transonic Mach number

A detailed experiment on the separated flow field at a sharp trailing edge is described and documented. The separated flow is a result of sustained adverse pressure gradients. The experiment was conducted using an elongated airfoil-like model at a transonic Mach number and at a high Reynolds number of practical interest. Measurements made include surface pressures and detailed mean and turbulence flow quantities in the region just upstream of separation to downstream into the near-wake, following wake closure. The data obtained are presented mostly in tabular form. These data are of sufficient quality and detail to be useful as a test case for evaluating turbulence models and calculation methods

Specific Antibodies to Recombinant Allergens of \u3cem\u3eAspergillus fumigatus\u3c/em\u3e in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with ABPA

Background Aspergillus fumigatus, a widely distributed fungus, has been implicated in causing life threatening infections as well as severe asthma and allergic diseases in man. Allergic affliction like allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disabling lung disease frequently seen in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. Immunodiagnosis of the former is comparatively easier due to the availability of purified antigens and sensitive methods. However, this is not true with cystic fibrosis patients where the prevalence of ABPA is fairly high and the morbidity and mortality are significant. Methods In the present study, we have evaluated purified recombinant allergens from A. fumigatus, namely Asp f 1, f 2, f 3, f 4, and f 6 using ELISA and a semi-automated method (ImmunoCAP). We studied 17 patients each from cystic fibrosis with ABPA, and cystic fibrosis with asthma, 22 cystic fibrosis with no ABPA or asthma, and 11 age matched controls. Results The results indicate that no antigen, antibody or method is capable of differentiating cystic fibrosis (CF) with ABPA from other CF patients, although some allergens showed strong reaction or showed more prevalence among the patients studied. Conclusion When results of several allergens such as Asp f 1, f 2, f 3, f 4, and f 6 in their binding to IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies were analyzed, a more strong discrimination of CF patients with ABPA was possible from the other groups studied

An experimental documentation of trailing-edge flows at high Reynolds number

Experiments documenting attached trailing-edge and near-wake flows at high Reynolds numbers are described. A long, airfoil-like model was tested at subsonic and low transonic Mach numbers, and both symmetrical and asymmetrical flows with pressure gradients upstream of the trailing edge were investigated. Model surface pressures and detailed mean and turbulence flow qualities were measured in the vicinity of the trailing edge and in the near-wake. The data obtained are of sufficient quality and detail to be useful as test cases in assessing turbulence models and calculation methods

Formulation, optimization and characterization of Betaxolol hydrochloride proniosomes using 3-2 factorial design

The revolution in nanotechnology has lead to the development of various dosage forms such as vesicular drug delivery and in particular liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, aquasomes, bilosomes etc. The disad-vantages exhibited by the liposomes, niosomes can be overcome through introduction of proniosomes which are compact liquid crystalline structures and convert to niosomes upon hydration. The investigation is focused on development and optimization of Betaxolol proniosomes using three square factorial design technique with the aid of design expert 11.0 ® trial version. The optimization technique prefers choles-terol and span 60 as independent variables and drug content, vesicular size, and entrapment efficacy as dependent variables. The design generated total 13 formulations among which F10 exhibited 98.1% drug content and 97.3% of entrapment efficacy. In view of other parameters, F10 exhibits 6.5 pH, 3.8 ve-sicular size and follows diffusion mechanism with anomalous drug transport. Hence, the obtained results specify that F10 is optimized and can be opted for commercialization

A Method for Dynamic Characterization and Response Prediction Using Ground Vibration Test(GVT)Data for Unknown Structures.

The Objective Of This Proposed Work Is To Develop A Reliable Method For Dynamic Characterization And Prediction Of Dynamic Response Of Structures Of Known/Unknown Configurations, By Processing The Free Vibration Data Generated Experimentally From The Ground Vibration Tests (GVT)Of The Prototype Vehicles. The Methodology Would Make Use Of The Measured Dynamic Data In Terms Of Mode Shapes, Natural Frequencies, Modal Damping, Point Impedances Etc.And Generate Modal (Scaled) Stiffness And Inertia Information That Will Be Used For Prediction Of Response Characteristics Of The Prototype Structure . With These Objectives, The Present Work Develops The Mathematical Formulation Of The Method, And Demonstrates Its Reliability By Performing The Experiment On A Simple Cantilever Beam To Determine Its Dynamic Characteristics. Results On Scaled Modal Stiffness And Inertia, Generated Through The Method Using Experimental (GVT) Data Show Excellent Agreement With Those Generated By FE And Analytical Models .It Must Be Noted That A Valid Benchmarking Is Performed With The Condition That The Experimental Procedure Is 'Blind' To The Actual Stiffness And Inertia Distributions As Used In FEM Or Analytical Models . Agreement Of The Predicted Response Of The Structure With That From Direct Experiment And Those From The FE And Analytical Models Indicates That This Method Will Be A Promising Tool To Predict The Dynamic And Aeroelastic Characteristics Of Any Prototype Vehicle In The Future. Once The Reliability Of The Method Is Established,It Can Be Extended To Determine The Dynamic And Aeroelastic Characteristics Of All Aircraft For Which Dynamic Characteristics Are Available From A Ground -; Vibration Test (GVT)